Tuberculosis Fast Facts

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This condition develops slowly over time and can eventually lead to kidney failure if left untreated. Understanding the laboratory tests used to diagnose and monitor CKD is essential for early detection and proper management of the disease.

The primary laboratory test for assessing kidney function is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which measures how well the kidneys are filtering blood. This value is calculated using a blood test that measures creatinine levels, along with factors such as age, sex, and race. An eGFR below 60 milliliters per minute per 1.73 square meters for three months or longer indicates chronic kidney disease. The lower the eGFR, the more severe the kidney damage. Additionally, a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) test checks for protein in the urine, which is an early sign of kidney damage. A UACR of 30 milligrams per gram or higher suggests kidney disease, as healthy kidneys do not allow significant amounts of protein to pass into the urine.

Other important laboratory tests include serum creatinine, which measures the level of creatinine waste product in the blood, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which assesses urea levels. Elevated levels of both indicate reduced kidney function. Electrolyte panels check the balance of minerals like sodium, potassium, and phosphorus in the blood, as damaged kidneys may struggle to maintain proper electrolyte levels. A complete blood count (CBC) may reveal anemia, which is common in CKD because damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

Regular monitoring through these laboratory tests helps healthcare providers track the progression of chronic kidney disease, adjust treatment plans, and identify complications early. Early detection through routine screening is particularly important for individuals at higher risk, including those with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, or a family history of kidney disease. Timely intervention based on laboratory test results can slow the progression of CKD and help preserve remaining kidney function.