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Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the proportion of red blood cells in your total blood volume. This test is typically expressed as a percentage and provides important information about your blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. When your healthcare provider orders a complete blood count, the hematocrit test is usually included as one of the standard measurements. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout your body, making this test valuable for assessing overall health and diagnosing various blood disorders.

The normal hematocrit ranges vary between men and women due to physiological differences. For adult men, the typical range is approximately 40 to 54 percent, while for adult women, it ranges from 36 to 48 percent. These values can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the specific reference ranges used. Children and infants have different normal ranges that change as they grow and develop. Several factors can influence hematocrit levels, including altitude, hydration status, smoking habits, and pregnancy.

Low hematocrit levels, known as anemia, indicate that you have fewer red blood cells than normal. This condition can result from various causes including nutritional deficiencies such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency, chronic diseases, blood loss from injury or internal bleeding, bone marrow disorders, or kidney disease. People with low hematocrit often experience symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and cold hands and feet. Identifying the underlying cause of low hematocrit is essential for proper treatment.

High hematocrit levels, called polycythemia, mean your blood contains a higher than normal concentration of red blood cells. This can occur due to dehydration, which temporarily concentrates the blood, or from living at high altitudes where the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for lower oxygen levels. Other causes include lung diseases, heart conditions, kidney tumors, or a bone marrow disorder called polycythemia vera. Elevated hematocrit can make blood thicker and increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack. Your doctor may order additional tests to determine why your hematocrit is elevated and recommend appropriate treatment based on the underlying cause.