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Helicobacter pylori, commonly known as H. pylori, is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining and is a major cause of various digestive problems. This spiral-shaped bacterium can survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing an enzyme called urease, which neutralizes stomach acid around it. H. pylori infection is extremely common worldwide, affecting more than half of the global population, though many infected people never develop symptoms or complications.

The primary concern with H. pylori infection is its association with serious gastrointestinal conditions. It is the leading cause of peptic ulcers, which are painful sores in the stomach or upper small intestine. The bacteria can also cause chronic gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining. More seriously, long-term H. pylori infection increases the risk of developing stomach cancer and a rare type of stomach lymphoma called MALT lymphoma. Because of these potential complications, detecting and treating H. pylori infection is important for preventing more serious health problems.

Several laboratory tests are available to diagnose H. pylori infection, each with different advantages. Non-invasive tests include the urea breath test, which detects the presence of urease enzyme activity, and stool antigen tests, which identify H. pylori proteins in fecal samples. Blood tests can detect antibodies against the bacteria, though these may remain positive even after the infection has been treated. Invasive testing through endoscopy allows doctors to take tissue samples from the stomach lining for rapid urease testing, histological examination under a microscope, or bacterial culture. The choice of test depends on various factors including the patient's symptoms, medical history, and whether they are being tested for initial diagnosis or to confirm successful treatment.

Treatment for H. pylori typically involves a combination of antibiotics and acid-reducing medications taken for one to two weeks. After completing treatment, follow-up testing is recommended to ensure the bacteria have been completely eliminated. Successful eradication of H. pylori can heal ulcers, reduce inflammation, and significantly decrease the risk of developing stomach cancer. People with persistent digestive symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or unexplained weight loss should consult their healthcare provider about testing for H. pylori infection.